Aug 25, 2009Petrol back to $2 a litrePUMP prices are up again, for the third time in four weeks.Prices were raised by five cents a litre across the board earlier on Tuesday.The increase, led by Caltex at 11am, pushed petrol back to the $2 level - last seen before the global financial meltdown in third quarter 2008.A litre of 98-octane petrol is now $2 a litre before discount, while 95 and 92 octanes are $1.867 and $1.817 a litre respectively.Diesel is now $1.343 a litre, also before discount.
Oil companies are reducing fuel exports to Iran as the Middle Eastern country may face sanctions because of its nuclear program, the Wall Street Journal has said.BP Plc stopped shipments to Iran at least six months ago. While Total SA have said that it would stop gasoline exports to Iran if the US and other European nations call for a halt on fuel exports.US President Barack Obama has said that Iran may face serious sanctions if it doesn't halt its nuclear development program. Both the US and European governments say that it is intended to produce atomic weapons.Representatives of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council along with Germany are scheduled to hold talks with Iranian officials 1 October in Geneva."I'm not sure if sanctions against fuel imports by Iran will actually be imposed," said Victor Shum, senior principal at US energy consultants Purvin & Gertz Inc. in Singapore. "France has already opposed it and China is sending a quite a bit of gasoline to Iran now. There are still avenues to allow Iran to obtain fuel."At the moment, Chinese state-owned companies are undermining the US in its efforts to isolate, by supplying 30,000 to 40,000 barrels a day of petrol to Iran.Companies in China "conduct normal trade relations with Iran" within the scope of the UN resolutions, the FT said, citing a Chinese official in Washington.The Asian nation exported 5,275 tons, or 160 barrels a day, of oil products, including jet fuel, diesel and fuel oil, to the Islamic country in the first eight months, according to Chinese customs data.Iran currently imports around 140,000 barrels a day of gasoline and diesel at a cost of US$5 billion to US$7 billion annually to meet domestic demand, according to the Wall Street Journal report.Iran is already under three sets of UN sanctions for refusing to suspend uranium-enrichment work, a process to isolate an isotope needed to generate fuel for a nuclear power reactor or, in higher concentrations, to make a weapon. Reactors use heavy water to produce weapons-grade plutonium.Iran denies it's planning to make a bomb and says the program is aimed at generating electricity.Despite the fact that Iran imports its fuel, its fuel is still on the cheaper end of the scale in the world, per gallon, at US$1.51 If you want the lowest price, you'll have to take a trip to Venezuela, where you'll pay US$0.17 per gallon. You just don't want to visit Sierra Leone, where you have to pay a hefty US$18.40 per gallon.But then if fuel exports are being cut to Iran, there might be a pretty hefty price rise in the future.
well must look total cost of living.. i would think water is expensive in those countries with cheap petrol.
Sierra Leone (sieɪrə liˈoːn), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea in the north, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) [2] and has a population estimated at 6.4 million. The country has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests.[3]Freetown is the capital, seat of the central government, and largest city.[2] Bo is the second largest city. Other major cities in the country with a population over 100,000 are Kenema, Koidu Town and Makeni. The country is home to Fourah Bay College, the oldest university in West Africa, established in 1827. The Njala University in Bo and the Eastern Polytechnic University in Kenema are the other two major universities in the country. Sierra Leone is home to the third largest natural harbours in the world, the Queen Elizabeth II Quay (also known as the QE II Quay and locally as the Deep Water Quay or Government Warf).[4][5]
Water ResourcesSierra Leone can be divided into twelve river basins, of which five are shared with Guinea and two with Liberia. The most important ones, from west to east, are: the Kolente (Great Scarcies), Kaba, Rokel, Pampana (Jong), Sewa, Moa, and Mano. The groundwater resources of the country have not been extensively studied. They correspond almost totally to the baseflow of the rivers and the permeability of the substratum is high.Table 2. Water sources and use. (Source: FAO)EnlargeTable 2. Water sources and use. (Source: FAO)Internal renewable water resources are estimated at 160 cubic kilometers (km3/year), with surface water accounting for 150 km3/year of them. Seasonal variations are important: only 11-17 percent of the annual discharge occurs between December and April, with minimum discharge in April. Internally produced groundwater is estimated to be 50 km3/year. Of that, 40 km3/year is considered to be overlap between surface water and groundwater.Wetlands are important in rice and vegetable production. Sierra Leone signed the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1999 and 66 Ramsar sites exist in the country.Sierra Leone has only one major dam, the 68 meter-high Guma dam, built for hydroelectricity purposes close to Freetown. However, there is considerable potential for the development of small-scale hydroelectric schemes that could also be designed to accommodate irrigated agriculture. An inventory identified 21 sites for hydropower development, with a hydroelectric potential which already exceeds by far the medium-term demand of the country (the total potential is believed to be much higher).Water UseFigure 1. Water withdrawal in Sierra Leone. (Source: FAO)EnlargeFigure 1. Water withdrawal in Sierra Leone. (Source: FAO)Total water withdrawal in the year 2000 was estimated to be 379.9 million cubic meters (m3) (Table 2). Irrigation is the major water user, with a withdrawal of 353.6 million m3 in 2000, followed by the domestic sector with 19.6 million m3 and industry with 6.7 million m3 (Figure 1). About 80 percent of the rural population obtains its water from surface sources, including many streams and ponds. Groundwater is used for a limited number of rural wells and recent installations for large cities. A good number of provincial towns enjoy pipe-borne treated water.International Water IssuesSierra Leone shares several river basins with neighboring countries, such as the Kolente (Great Scarcies) and the Kaba with Guinea, the Mano with Liberia, and the Moa with Guinea and Liberia. The inflows into Sierra Leone from these transnational watercourses are considered negligible. Sierra Leone is a member of the Mano River Union, a regional body whose activities impact on agriculture and rural development.
Pump prices affected by not just one factorI REFER to Mr Ryan Tung's letter, 'Pump query' (Sept 5), in which he commented that there was a less than perfect correlation between pump prices and crude. We wish to clarify the factors affecting pump prices.Retail pump prices are affected by a combination of factors, and hence may not rise or fall in perfect unison or by the same percentages as crude prices. The other factors that affect pump prices include: * Internationally traded wholesale prices; * Operating and capital cost; * Taxes and duties; * Currency exchange rates; and * Market competition.A change in any of these factors may lead to pump price adjustments. Wholesale fuel prices account for approximately 40 per cent of pump prices in Singapore. Wholesale prices are the result of the actions of many buyers and sellers operating in a global marketplace, and crude prices are just one of the many determinants of wholesale prices.In Singapore, taxes and duties make up about 30 per cent of pump prices, and the remaining 30 per cent cover our margin and cost of operations (for example, shipping, storage, distribution, marketing, manpower, land and other fixed-asset costs).Competition is keen in geographically small Singapore, and motorists are extremely price-sensitive and will respond to small changes in pricing. It is precisely because of this keen competition that no company will allow the others a price advantage at the retail pumps.At ExxonMobil, our focus is to continually take steps to improve our ability to compete and distinguish ourselves by providing more value and convenience to our customers. We would like to reiterate that we at ExxonMobil support free and fair competition and are strongly against any form of anti-competitive practices.Loh Pin ChuanPublic Affairs ManagerExxonMobil Asia Pacifichttp://www.asiaone.com/Motoring/Owners/Others/Story/A1Story20090915-168005.html
Pump prices up Caltex increased prices by four cents, others expected to follow soon. -AsiaOne Pump prices have increased by four cents a litre as of 10am on Thursday.The increase of four cents affects all grades of petrol and diesel at all Caltex stations.A litre of Caltex's 92- and 95-octane petrol now costs $1.757 and $1.807 respectively. Its 98-octane petrol retails for $1.900 a litre while diesel costs $1.283 a litre.Other oil companies are expected to follow suit soon.Pump prices up
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